Tratamiento psicológico inclusivo como modalidad terapéutica en el estado cognitivo-emocional-conductual en las personas prejubilables / Inclusive psychological treatment as a therapeutic modality for cognitive, emotional and behavioural state in pre-retired people

Introducción: La prejubilación se define como una etapa de la vida donde convergen factores biológicos, psicológicos, sociales, culturales, espirituales y ambientales que preparan al individuo para un cambio global y profundo. Objetivo: Precisar mediante el tratamiento psicológico inclusivo los cambios ocurridos en el proceso cognoscitivo del pensamiento y las modificaciones obtenidas en la esfera emocional en el grupo intervenido. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio cuasi-experimental en el Policlínico Docente «Marta Abreu», de Santa Clara, Villa Clara, en el período de enero de 2017 a febrero de 2019. Se emplearon procedimientos, métodos y técnicas con la aplicación de esta modalidad terapéutica en un grupo estudio de 200 personas prejubilables, de 55 a 65 años de edad. Se utilizaron métodos teóricos, empíricos y estadísticos-matemáticos. Se aplicaron técnicas psicológicas antes del tratamiento psicológico inclusivo, y después de este, en el grupo estudio y en el grupo control. Resultados: Fueron muy reveladores en el grupo estudio, y se registraron cambios muy significativos en los procesos intelectuales, en el pensamiento lógico verbal, práctico constructivo y rumiativo; además estados emocionales ansioso bajo y depresivo leve, autoestima alta, y notable mejoría en la vulnerabilidad al estrés. En el grupo control no se reflejaron cambios favorables. Conclusiones: El tratamiento psicológico inclusivo resultó efectivo por el logro de cambios positivos en el estado cognitivo-emocional-conductual en personas prejubilables del grupo estudio. La aplicación de las estrategias de desactivación fisiológica, cognitivas, reflexivo vivenciales, informativas, así como las habilidades de conductas de afrontamiento, las acciones de mantenimiento y generalización y las ayudas paliativas y moderadoras de estrés en la atención a personas prejubilables, constituyó un novedoso recurso terapéutico.

Introduction: pre-retirement is defined as a stage of life where biological, psychological, social, cultural, spiritual and environmental factors converge to prepare the individual for a global and profound change. Objective: to determine, through the inclusive psychological treatment, the changes occurred in the cognitive process of thinking and the modifications obtained in the emotional sphere in the intervened group. Methods: a quasi-experimental study was carried out at "Marta Abreu" Teaching Polyclinic in Santa Clara, Villa Clara from January 2017 to February 2019. Procedures, methods and techniques were used with the application of this therapeutic modality in a study group of 200 pre-retired people aged 55 to 65 years old. Theoretical, empirical, statistical and mathematical methods were used. Psychological techniques were applied before and after the inclusive psychological treatment in the study and control groups. Results: they very revealing in the study group, and very significant changes were registered in intellectual processes as well as in verbal-logical, practical-constructive and ruminative thinking; also low anxious and mild depressive emotional states, high self-esteem, and notable improvement in vulnerability to stress. No favorable changes were reflected in the control group. Conclusions: the inclusive psychological treatment was effective in achieving positive changes in the cognitive, emotional and behavioural state in pre-retired people from the study group. The application of physiological deactivation, cognitive, experiential, reflective, and informative strategies, as well as coping behavioural skills, maintenance and generalization actions and palliative and moderating stress aids in the care of pre-retired people constituted a novel therapeutic resource.

A linha tênue entre a promoção da saúde e a reprodução de discursos gordofóbicos pelos médicos / The fine line between health promotion and the reproduction of fatphobic speech by doctors

Resumo: Introdução: O controle do peso corporal é fundamental para o tratamento e a prevenção das principais comorbidades no mundo, tais como hipertensão, dislipidemia e obesidade. Entretanto, as orientações médicas referentes à perda de peso, muitas vezes, não são baseadas em evidências ou comunicadas de maneira clara, e também não consideram as condições psicológicas e sociais dos pacientes, como ditam os valores da promoção da saúde, mas são abordadas de maneira preconceituosa e rasa. Este estudo busca responder à seguinte questão: "A maneira como os médicos lidam com a obesidade dos seus pacientes é uma forma de promover saúde ou de propagar ainda mais desfechos clínicos desfavoráveis nessa população?". Objetivo: Este estudo teve como objetivo revisar a literatura no que concerne à gordofobia médica e aos seus impactos para o paciente. Método: Trata-se de uma revisão de literatura integrativa, realizada em janeiro de 2022. A busca de dados se deu a partir do ano de 2007 até janeiro de 2022. Usaram-se as seguintes bases de dados: SciELO, Lilacs e PubMed. Utilizaram-se, na busca de artigos, os seguintes descritores: obesity, overweight, social stigma, social discrimination, bullying, fatphobia, weight bias, medication adherence, therapeutic alliance, health professionals, binge-eating disorder. Resultado: Os 16 artigos selecionados foram classificados segundo tipo de estudo, ano, local, público-alvo e resultados, e, em seguida, analisados de maneira crítica. Conclusão: Embora seja crucial os médicos alertarem seus pacientes sobre perda de peso, essas orientações, quando feitas de maneira preconceituosa, grosseira e sem metas bem definidas, fazem com que o paciente se desinteresse em cuidar da própria saúde ou ainda procure perder peso sem apoio profissional. Logo, em vez de combater a obesidade, o atual manejo é responsável por agravá-la e, inclusive, desenvolver outras comorbidades, como a depressão.

Abstract: Introduction: Body weight control is essential for the treatment and prevention of the main comorbidities in the world, such as hypertension, dyslipidemia and obesity. However, medical guidelines regarding weight loss are often not evidence-based or clearly communicated, and they also do not take into account the psychological and social conditions of patients, as dictated by the values of health promotion, but rather, approached in a prejudiced and shallow way. This study seeks to answer the following question: Is the manner physicians deal with their patients' obesity a way of promoting health or of propagating even more unfavorable clinical outcomes in this population? Objective: This study aimed to review the literature regarding medical fatphobia and its impacts on the patient. Method: This is an integrative literature review, carried out in January 2022. The data search took place from the year 2007 to January 2022. The following databases were used: SciELO, Lilacs and PubMed. The following descriptors were used in the search for articles: Obesity, Overweight, Social Stigma, Social Discrimination, Bullying, Fatphobia, Weight Bias, Medication Adherence, Therapeutic Alliance, Health Professionals, Binge-Eating Disorder. Result: The 16 selected articles were classified according to type of study, year, place, target audience and results, and then critically analyzed. Conclusion: Although it is crucial for doctors to warn their patients about weight loss, these guidelines, when made in a prejudiced, rude way and without well-defined goals, make them not interested in taking care of their own health, or even trying to lose weight without professional support. Therefore, instead of fighting obesity, its current management is responsible for aggravating it and even developing other comorbidities, such as depression.

Avaliação do processo psicoterápico: levantamento de técnicas e instrumentos / Assessment of the psychotherapeutic process: survey of techniques and instruments

Um dos aspectos mais estudados em intervenções psicoterápicas são os procedimentos empregados em psicoterapia que resultam em melhores benefícios ao paciente em um menor espaço de tempo, ou seja, a avaliação da eficiência do processo psicoterápico, prezando-se não apenas pela ética com o paciente, mas também pela redução de gastos com tratamentos. Diante disso, o objetivo deste estudo foi levantar quais os principais instrumentos utilizados com essa finalidade. Por meio de busca sistematizada de literatura, foram resgatados 5.938 artigos que, após triagem por meio de critérios de inclusão e exclusão, resultaram em um conjunto de 157 estudos analisados em sua íntegra, o que permitiu identificar 114 instrumentos e técnicas. Após a apresentação dos instrumentos mais recorrentes na literatura, algumas considerações foram tecidas a respeito do panorama atual de avaliação de processos psicoterapêuticos, como, por exemplo, a escassez de instrumentos brasileiros e as contribuições desta pesquisa para futuros estudos nessa temática.

One of the most studied aspects in psychotherapeutic interventions are the procedures used in psychotherapy that result in better patient benefits in a shorter period, the evaluation of psychotherapeutic process's efficiency, considering ethics toward the patient, and reducing treatment costs. This study aimed to identify the main instruments used for this purpose. Through a systematized review of literature, 5,938 articles were found, which, after screening by inclusion and exclusion criteria, resulted in a set of 157 studies and the identification of 114 instruments and techniques. After presenting the most recurrent instruments in the literature, some considerations were made regarding the current panorama of evaluation of psychotherapeutic processes, such as the scarcity of Brazilian instruments and the contributions of this research to future studies in this subject.

Reflexiones sobre la alianza terapéutica en adolescentes con anorexia nerviosa y sus familias / Reflections on the therapeutic alliance in adolescents with anorexia nervosa and their families

La alianza terapéutica en pacientes con Anorexia Nerviosa constituye un desafío debido a la gravedad de muchos de estos pacientes, a la falta de conciencia de enfermedad que poseen y a la resistencia al cambio, tanto del paciente como de sus familias. Frecuentemente, existe un desconocimiento por parte de los equipos médicos, de dicha patología y de su manejo. Diversos autores han aportado elementos necesarios para una adecuada alianza terapéutica y proponen estrategias que faciliten la construcción de esta alianza. En este artículo se lleva a cabo una revisión de las observaciones ofrecidas por varios autores, desde donde se reflexiona acerca de la importancia de la alianza terapéutica en pacientes con Anorexia Nerviosa y sus familias.

The therapeutic alliance in patients with Anorexia Nervosa constitutes a challenge due to several factors such as the severity of the illness that most of these patients suffer, their lack of awareness of disease, and the resistance to change in the patient and their family. Medical teams are frequently ignorant of this pathology and its treatment. Various authors have contributed in terms of the necessary elements for an adequate therapeutic alliance and in terms of delivering strategies to facilitate this alliance. In this article we will review several authors and reflect on the importance of the therapeutic alliance in patients with Anorexia Nervosa and their families.

Alianza Terapéutica en tiempos de COVID-19: Perspectiva de Pacientes de Argentina / Therapeutic Alliance in times of COVID-19: Patient´s perspectives of Argentina

El objetivo del presente trabajo es explorar la perspectiva de pacientes en telepsicología, que antes consultaban de manera presencial, y analizar si hay relación entre sus percepciones de telepsicología, con la alianza terapéutica. Para ello se trabajó con 143 pacientes de Argentina, que venían de un proceso terapéutico presencial, y ahora continúan de manera remota. Se aplicó una encuesta ad hoc y el Cuestionario de Alianza de Ayuda Revisado. Como resultado se observó mayores niveles de alianza terapéutica en quienes no percibían diferencias entre psicoterapia presencial y no presencial, en los pacientes que continuarían en telepsicología después de la pandemia, y en quienes manifestaron mayor grado de satisfacción. Se discute la importancia de evaluar alianza terapéutica durante la adaptación a un nuevo formato de pscioterapia, y la importancia de la actitud hacia las nuevas tecnologías(AU)

The aim of this paper is to explore patient´s perspective of telepsychology experience, and to explore the relation between client´s perception and therapeutic Alliance. The sample is composed for 143 Argentinian patients, that was attending to psychotherapy in face-to-face format, and after the pandemic declaration, start with telepsychology. An ad hoc survey and the Revised Helping Alliance Questionnaire were applied. As a result, we find higher levels of therapeutic Alliance in those clients that: didn´t note differences between telepsychology and face-to-face psychotherapy, will continue with telepsychology after the pandemic is over, and are more satisfied with telepsychology. We discuss the importance of assess therapeutic alliance when the patient changes to a different setting of psychotherapy, and the importance of new technology of communication´s attitudes(AU)

Clinical effectiveness of photodynamic therapy combined with oral isotretinoin for moderate to severe facial acne / 中华医学美学美容杂志

Objective:To investigate the efficacy and safety of photodynamic therapy (PDT) combined with oral isotretinoin in the treatment of moderate to severe acne.Methods:Ninty patients with moderate and severe acne [42 males and 48 females; aged 18-35 (23.98±4.25)] in the Department of Dermatology, China Japan Friendship Hospital of Jilin University from January to June, 2018, were divided into three groups: PDT combined with isotretinoin group (combined group), PDT group and isotretinoin group, with 30 patients in each group. The curative effect was evaluated on the 30th and 60th day of the treatment and the follow-up was carried out regularly.Results:At 10, 20, and 30 days of the treatment, the clearance rates of non-inflammatory skin lesions and total skin lesions were better than that of the PDT group; the clearance rates of inflammatory, non-inflammatory and total skin lesions in the combined group were better than those of the isotretinoin group. At 30 days of treatment, the efficacy of the combined group was better than that of the PDT group (χ 2=13.169, P<0.05) and isotretinoin group (χ 2=19.606, P<0.05). The treatment course of the combined group was shorter than that of the PDT group ( P<0.05). Six months after the treatment, the recurrence rate of the combined group was lower than that of the isotretinoin group (χ 2=4.941, P<0.05). And there was no significant difference of the incidence of adverse reactions between the above two groups ( P>0.05). Conclusions:The combination of photodynamic therapy and oral isotretinoin therapy for moderate to severe acne can improve the efficacy, shorten the course of treatment, and reduce the recurrence rate and adverse reactions, which provides a new idea for the treatment of acne.

The cacophony of emotions in a mental health professional from the isolation ward during coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic

This commentary is on the narrative of the thoughts of a first-line healthcare worker, and the psychological overview of the same while working in isolation ward and being in quarantine during coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.

Comprensión del cambio psicoterapéutico en adolescentes: voces de pacientes y terapeutas / Understanding the psychotherapeutic change in adolescents: Voices of patients and therapists

Resumen Este estudio tuvo como objetivo comprender el proceso de cambio psicoterapéutico desde las perspectivas subjetivas de adolescentes y terapeutas que participaron en una terapia. Método: se utilizó un enfoque cualitativo; la recolección de información se realizó a través de entrevistas semiestructuradas audiograbadas, luego de finalizar la terapia. Participaron 17 díadas terapéuticas (adolescentes: edad promedio 15,8 años; 64,7% género femenino; terapeutas: edad promedio 30,3 años; 55,5 % género femenino), que realizaron sus terapias en contextos naturales y con diferentes enfoques teóricos. Codificadores entrenados analizaron los datos a través de los procedimientos propuestos por la Teoría Fundamentada, codificación abierta y axial, y procesos de reorganizaciones y triangulaciones permanentes. Resultados: se identificaron dos fenómenos comprensivos relacionados con los procesos de cambio psicoterapéutico: (a) El encuentro con "otro" como plataforma segura y sustrato relacional generador del cambio y, (b) El cambio como empoderamiento y desarrollo. Discusión: se examina el rol central que ocupan la relación terapéutica y el logro de las tareas del desarrollo (identidad, autonomía y autodeterminación) en el cambio psicoterapéutico. Además, se reflexiona acerca de las habilidades y acciones de los terapeutas.

Abstract This study aimed to understand the process of psychotherapeutic change from the subjective perspectives of adolescents and therapists who participated in therapy. Method: A qualitative approach was used; information was collected through a semi-structured audio-recorded interview, which occurred at the end of therapy. The participants were 17 therapeutic dyads (adolescents: average age 15.8 years; 64.7% female gender; therapists: average age 30.3 years; 55.5% female gender), who performed their therapies in natural contexts and with different theoretical approaches. Trained coders analyzed the data through the procedures proposed by the Grounded Theory, with open and axial coding, performing processes of permanent reorganizations and triangulations. Results: The results show two major phenomena related to the processes of change: (a) The encounter with "the other" as a safe platform and relational substrate to generate change and (b) Change as empowerment and development. Discussion: The central role of the therapeutic relationship and the achievement of developmental tasks (identity, autonomy and self-determination) in psychotherapeutic change is discussed. In addition, it also reflects on the skills and actions of the therapists.

Facial-affective communication and verbal relational offers during ruptures and resolution strategies: A systematic single case study / Comunicación facial-afectiva y ofertas relacionales verbales durante rupturas y estrategias de resolución: Un estudio sistemático de caso único

Resumen La investigación sobre la relación terapéutica ha subrayado su papel central en el proceso de cambio terapéutico, indicando la relevancia de determinar los elementos y mecanismos específicos que intervienen en su configuración (Knobloch-Fedders, Elkin, & Kiesler, 2014). La investigación sobre las rupturas de la relación terapéutica ha aportado a la comprensión del proceso de negociación interpersonal que interviene en la interacción paciente-terapeuta. Aunque estudios anteriores han contribuido a la caracterización objetiva y exhaustiva de las rupturas, se necesitan más investigaciones para especificar los marcadores que permiten comprender el modo como los patrones de regulación afectiva entre paciente y terapeuta están involucrados y contribuyen a la generación de estos eventos y a los intentos de reparación. El objetivo de este estudio es caracterizar el comportamiento facial-afectivo de paciente y terapeuta asociado a las ofertas relacionales (OR) verbales durante los eventos de ruptura (R) y de estrategia de resolución (ER) en una terapia psicodinámica breve. El comportamiento afectivo facial se determinó usando el Facial Action Coding System (FACS), las ORs se derivaron del análisis del contenido de las transcripciones de sesiones, y las R y ER se determinaron usando el 3RS. Se realizaron análisis anidados para establecer asociaciones entre las variables. Los resultados indican la presencia de pautas regulatorias faciales-verbales entre paciente y terapeuta características de las rupturas y estrategias de resolución; y señalan el valor de combinar múltiples enfoques para permitir el acceso a indicadores observables de los procesos regulatorios diádicos que contribuyen a comprender y atender las oscilaciones de la relación terapéutica.

Abstract Research on the therapeutic relationship has underscored its central role for the therapeutic change process, indicating the relevance of determining the specific elements and mechanisms involved in its configuration (Knobloch-Fedders, Elkin, & Kiesler, 2014). Research on ruptures of the therapeutic relationship has yielded particular contributions to better understanding the interpersonal negotiation process involved in the patient-therapist interaction. Although previous studies have contributed to the objective characterization and the exhaustive description of ruptures, more research is needed to further specify markers that allow a better understanding about how patterns of affective regulation between patient and therapist are involved and contribute to the emergence of these events and the attempts at reparation. The aim of this study is to characterize patient's and therapist's facial-affective behavior associated to verbal relational offers (RO) during rupture (R) and resolution strategy (RS) events in a brief psychodynamic therapy. Facial-affective behavior was determined using the Facial Action Coding System (FACS), ROs were derived from the content analysis of session transcripts, and R and RS were determined using the 3RS. Nested analyses were carried to establish associations between variables. Results indicate characteristic patientherapist facial-verbal regulatory patterns for both rupture and resolution strategy events. These findings underscore the value of combining multiple approaches to allow an access to observable indicators of dyadic affect regulatory processes that can contribute to better understand and be attentive to the oscillations of the therapeutic relationship.

Terminación de la psicoterapia desde la perspectiva de los pacientes / Psychotherapy Termination from the Patients' Perspective

Resumen El aumento de la oferta de servicios de psicoterapia en las últimas décadas justifica el estudio de los elementos relacionados con su terminación, y su relación con el cumplimiento de los objetivos y la adherencia de los pacientes al tratamiento. Objetivo: identificar los factores que influyen en la terminación de los procesos psicoterapéuticos desde la perspectiva de los pacientes. Metodología: se utilizó un diseño de investigación mixto de triangulación concurrente; se aplicaron encuestas estructuradas y entrevistas en profundidad sobre el fin de la terapia. A nivel cuantitativo se realizaron análisis descriptivos y de regresión, y, a nivel cualitativo, reducción de datos, comparación constante y triangulación de la información. Participaron 137 pacientes de dos centros universitarios de atención psicológica en Antioquia (Colombia), 100 participantes respondieron una encuesta y los restantes una entrevista cualitativa. Resultados: se identificaron tres dimensiones relacionadas con la terminación de los procesos psicoterapéuticos: el cumplimiento o no de los objetivos, el tipo de atribución causal del paciente (interna o externa) y la persona que decide finalizar. La mayoría de los pacientes del estudio dejaron de asistir a psicoterapia sin cumplir sus objetivos o con un cumplimiento parcial de estos, por atribuciones externas y por decisión propia. Discusión: los aspectos institucionales, terapéuticos y de la vida del paciente tienen un rol significativo en la terminación de los procesos psicoterapéuticos. Además, se plantea la importancia de considerar en la formación de los terapeutas las características de los procesos de cierre y los diferentes marcadores asociados con la terminación prematura.

Abstract The increase in the supply of psychotherapy services in recent decades justifies the study of the elements related to its termination. This is one of the main topics to understand achievement of therapeutic goals and adherence of patients in psychotherapy. Aim: to identify the factors that influence termination of psychotherapeutic processes from the patients' perspective. Method: a mixed research design of concurrent triangulation was used; and structured surveys inquiring and in-depth interviews about psychotherapy termination were conducted. It was carried out at the quantitative level, both descriptive and regression analyses, and at the qualitative level, data reduction, constant comparison, and triangulation of information. A total of 137 patients from two higher education centers of psychological care in Antioquia (Colombia) participated, 100 answered a survey and the remaining participants were interviewed in-depth. Results: Results show three dimensions that allow various conceptualizations of therapy termination: achievement of goals, causal attribution and the person who decides to terminate. Most of the patients in the study dropped out of psychotherapy without the completion of their objectives or with a partial completion of these, due to external attributions and their own decision. Discussion: it was discussed how institutional, therapeutic, and life patient´s aspects have a significant role in termination of psychotherapeutic processes. As well as the importance of considering therapists´ training in relation to the characteristics of these processes and the different indicators associated with premature termination.

The Brazilian-adapted Working Alliance Inventory: preliminary report on the psychometric properties of the original and short revised versions

Abstract Introduction Alliance is an essential component of all psychotherapies and a consistent predictor of its outcomes. The Working Alliance Inventory (WAI) is a widely used and psychometrically sound measure of alliance. It assesses three key aspects of the construct: a) agreement on the tasks of therapy; b) agreement on the therapeutic goals; and c) development of an affective bond. Objective To preliminarily analyze the psychometric properties of the Brazilian version of both the original, 36-item WAI, and of the short form revised, 16-item version (WAI-SR). Methods The sample comprised 201 psychodynamic psychotherapy patients. Alliance assessments were made after the 4th treatment session. Results The inventory adapted to Brazilian Portuguese, in both the original and short forms, appears to be reliable and valid to measure alliance and its dimensions by clients in psychotherapy. Further studies are needed to replicate and expand the findings.

El acto médico en la era de la telemedicina / The medical act in the era of telemedicine

Telemedicine partially resolved inequalities in access to health care, especially in geographical areas with a low number of doctors and in places with absent or insufficient specialists. Currently, Chile has a National Telehealth Program, but there are no specific laws on digital medicine that recognize remote medical acts and it is uncertain if they really are medical acts. The goal of a medical act is the well-being of a patient, requiring a therapeutic alliance based on the doctor's knowledge of the needs, expectations and fears of such a patient. This article tries to determine if patient care by telemedicine can be considered a medical act. For this purpose, the conception of a medical act defined by P. Laín Entralgo, M. Besio and the main medical and professional associations is analyzed in depth. It is concluded that although direct physical contact between doctor and patient largely supports the therapeutic alliance, telemedicine has been successful, particularly in its synchronous modality. Taking the necessary precautions, in most cases distant medical acts can be carried out allowing a humanized and respectful care of people.

Efeitos da aliança de trabalho no aconselhamento de carreira / Effects of the working alliance in career counseling / Efectos de la alianza terapéutica en el asesoramiento de carrera

A aliança de trabalho tem sido amplamente investigada em psicoterapia, sendo associada a resultados positivos do tratamento. Contudo, são poucas as pesquisas na área de aconselhamento de carreira. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a relação entre a aliança e o desfecho (conclusão ou abandono), satisfação com o atendimento e a percepção da eficácia da intervenção. Participaram 37 ex-clientes de um serviço de aconselhamento de carreira universitário. Os participantes responderam, de maneira retrospectiva, instrumentos referentes ao atendimento recebido. Os resultados mostraram que a aliança esteve associada ao desfecho de conclusão, à satisfação e a uma maior percepção de eficácia da intervenção. Esses achados reforçam a importância de considerar os aspectos relacionais do processo para a efetividade do aconselhamento de carreira.

The working alliance has been widely investigated in psychotherapy, being associated with positive treatment outcomes. However, there is little research on career counseling. The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between the alliance and outcome (completion or abandonment), satisfaction with care and the perceived effectiveness of the intervention. The participants were 37 former clients of a university career counseling service who responded retrospectively to instruments regarding the care received. The results showed that the alliance was associated with the conclusion outcome, satisfaction and a greater perception of intervention effectiveness. These findings reinforce the importance of considering the relational aspects of the process for the effectiveness of career counseling.

La alianza terapéutica ha sido ampliamente investigada en psicoterapia, asociándose a resultados positivos del tratamiento. Sin embargo, son pocas las investigaciones en el área de asesoramiento de carrera. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la relación entre la alianza terapéutica y el desenlace (conclusión o abandono), satisfacción con la atención y la percepción de la eficacia de la intervención. Participaron 37 ex-clientes de un servicio de asesoramiento de carrera universitaria. Los participantes respondieron, de manera retrospectiva, instrumentos referentes a la atención recibida. Los resultados mostraron que la alianza terapéutica estuvo asociada al desenlace del proceso, a la satisfacción y a una mayor percepción de eficacia de la intervención. Estos hallazgos refuerzan la importancia de considerar los aspectos relacionales del proceso para la efectividad del asesoramiento de carrera.

Propuestas para el estudio del pensar del analista de pacientes púberes / Proposals for the study of the thinking process of the psychoanalyst of pubertal patients

El trabajo aborda el pensar del terapeuta desde un punto de vista de Freud quien define pensamiento como desplazamiento de energía en camino a la acción. Describimos los instrumentos clásicos para el estudio del pensar del analista en sesión y aportamos algunos instrumentos novedosos que detectan el hacer y el decir del terapeuta y su contribución a la alianza terapéutica y el cambio clínico del paciente púber. Establecemos algunas relaciones entre los instrumentos clásicos y los nuevos que presentamos en este trabajo. (AU)

The work deals with the thinking process of the analyst of pubertal patients from the Freudian point of view, which defines thought as the displacement of energy on its way to action. We describe the classical instruments for the study of the thinking process of the analyst in session and provide some novel instruments that detect the therapist's doing and saying and his contribution to the therapeutic alliance and the clinical change of the pubertal patient. We establish some relationships between the classical instruments and the new ones that we present in this work. (AU)

Fatores associados à percepção de aliança terapêutica por pacientes em psicoterapia psicanalítica / Factors associated with patient's perception of therapeutic alliance in psychoanalytic psychotherapy

A percepção do paciente sobre a relação com seu psicoterapeuta é determinante para a sua permanência em tratamento e para o sucesso da psicoterapia. Estabelecer preditores de aliança terapêutica pode ter o potencial de auxiliar os psicoterapeutas a utilizar formas de intervenção durante as fases iniciais do tratamento. O objetivo do estudo foi investigar a associação entre fatores sócio-demográficos e clínicos do paciente e do terapeuta e a forma como o paciente percebe a aliança terapêutica. Trata-se de um estudo transversal que avaliou a qualidade da aliança em pacientes adultos atendidos em psicoterapia psicanalítica em um ambulatório de saúde mental. A amostra foi constituída por 118 pacientes que chegaram até a quarta sessão de psicoterapia psicanalítica. Os resultados apontam para a influência da intensidade dos sintomas de psicoticismo e do gênero do paciente na percepção da aliança terapêutica.(AU)

The patient's perception of the relationship with their therapist is determinant for their treatment adherence and for the success of psychotherapy. Establishing predictors of therapeutic alliance may potentially help psychotherapists to use forms of intervention during the early stages of treatment. This study aimed to investigate the association between socio-demographic and clinical factors of both patient and therapist and the way in which the patient perceives the therapeutic alliance. It is a cross-sectional study that evaluated the quality of the alliance in adult patients attended in psychoanalytic psychotherapy in a mental health outpatient clinic. The sample consisted of 118 patients who reached the fourth session of psychoanalytic psychotherapy. The results suggest that the intensity of psychoticism symptoms and patient gender influence the perception of the therapeutic alliance.(AU)

Revisión de las nociones de la alianza terapéutica, sus antecedentes conceptuales y aportes a la investigación / Review of the notions of the therapeutic alliance, conceptual background and contribution to research

Existe un fuerte consenso acerca del valor de la Alianza terapéutica (AT) en diferentes modelos de psicoterapia, ya que este es considerado un fuerte predictor de los resultados de la misma. (Del Re, Flückiger, Horvath, Symonds &Wampold, 2012; Gelso, 2009; Horvath, Del Re, Flückiger& Symonds, 2011).En este trabajo se presenta una revisión de los orígenes del concepto de AT hasta su operacionalización y uso posterior en investigaciones empíricas a partir de la década del ´70. También se exploran los términos históricamente vinculados a la misma, desde su origen en los inicios del psicoanálisis, se citan los principales instrumentos de medición de la misma y los estudios más destacados que dan soporte a su utilidad.

There is a strong consensus about the value of the Therapeutic Alliance (TA) in different moels of psychotherapy, since this is considered a strong predictor of the results of the same. (Del Re, Flückiger, Horvath, Symonds & Wampold, 2012; Gelso, 2009; Horvath, Del Re, Flückiger & Symonds, 2011). This paper presents a review of the origins of the concept TA until its operationalization and later use in empirical research from the decade of ¨70. It also explores the historically linked terms in it, from its origin in the beginnings of psychoanalysis, the main instruments of measurement and the most outstanding studies that support its usefulness.

Aliança Terapêutica nas Terapias Cognitivo-comportamentais por Videoconferência: uma Revisão da Literatura / Therapeutic Alliance in Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Videoconferencing: A Literature Review / Alianza Terapéutica en la Terapia Cognitivo-conductual por Videoconferencia: una Revisión de Literatura

Nos últimos anos houve um aumento do número de usuários da internet no Brasil e no mundo, enquanto as intervenções por videoconferência surgiram como formas de tratamento para diversos transtornos mentais. Sabe-se que a aliança terapêutica é um componente essencial para se implementar a prática psicoterapêutica, porém, não há um consenso sobre sua formação na psicoterapia por videoconferência. Portanto, o presente artigo teve como objetivo realizar uma revisão de literatura acerca da formação e papel da aliança terapêutica nas Terapias Cognitivo-comportamentais (TCC) por videoconferência. Para isso, foi realizada uma busca em quatro bases de dados, Pubmed, Psycarticles, Lilacs e SciELO, com descritores específicos dos dicionários de cada base. No total, foram encontrados 365 artigos, mas apenas nove preencheram os critérios de inclusão baseados no objetivo deste estudo. Observou-se que a maioria dos artigos indicou que a aliança foi alta no decorrer das sessões de TCC por videoconferência, podendo ser comparada com a aliança formada na terapia presencial, e que poucos artigos avaliaram a aliança como fator preditivo de resultados e de adesão. Apesar deste indicativo, este estudo discute as limitações metodológicas dos artigos e indica a necessidade de estudos que tornem mais claras as evidências sobre a formação da aliança e o o seu papel nesta modalidade alternativa de tratamento....(AU)

Recent years have seen an increase in the number of Internet users in Brazil and in the world, while videoconferencing interventions have emerged as forms of treatment for various mental disorders. It is known that the therapeutic alliance is a key component to implement the psychotherapeutic practice; however, there is no consensus about psychotherapeutic practice and training in psychotherapy by videoconference. Therefore, this article aims to conduct a review of literature about training and the role of therapeutic alliance in Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) by videoconference. For this, a search in four databases (Pubmed, Psycarticles,Lilacs and SciELO) was performed, with specific descriptors of the dictionaries of the bases. In total, 365 articles were found, but only 9 met the inclusion criteria based on the objective of this study. It was observed that most of the articles indicated that the alliance was high during the CBT sessions by videoconference and this can be compared with the alliance formed in face-to-face therapy; it was also observed that few articles evaluated the alliance as a predictor of outcomes and adherence. Despite this indicative, this study discusses the methodological limitations of the articles and indicates the need for studies that clarify the evidence about the formation of the alliance and its role in this alternative treatment modality....(AU)

En los últimos años ha habido un aumento en el número de usuarios de Internet en Brasil y en el mundo, mientras las intervenciones por videoconferencia surgieron como formas de tratamiento para diversos trastornos mentales. Se sabe que la alianza terapéutica es un componente clave para aplicar la práctica psicoterapéutica, pero no hay consenso acerca de su formación en psicoterapia por videoconferencia. Por lo tanto, este trabajo tiene como objetivo realizar una revisión de la literatura sobre la formación y el papel de la alianza terapéutica en la terapia cognitivo-conductual (TCC) para la videoconferencia. Para esto, se realizó una búsqueda en cuatro bases de datos, Pubmed, Psycarticles, Lilacs y SciELO, con descriptores específicos de los diccionarios de las bases. En total se encontraron 365 artículos, pero solo 9 cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión basados en el objetivo de este estudio. Se observó que la mayor parte de los artículos señalan que la alianza fue alta durante las sesiones de TCC por videoconferencia, pudiendo ser comparada con la alianza formada en la terapia presencial, y que pocos artículos evaluaron la alianza como un factor predictor de resultados y adherencia. A pesar de esta indicación, este estudio analiza las limitaciones metodológicas de los artículos e indica la necesidad de estudios que hagan más claras las evidencias entre la formación de la alianza y su papel en esta modalidad de tratamiento alternativo....(AU)

Related factors and clinical applications of therapeutic alliance in psychotherapy: A review / 中国心理卫生杂志

Therapeutic alliance is one of the most popular topics in psychological counseling and psychotherapy research,but the concept of it is not unified.Despite of its various versions,most scholars regard it as an important relationship variable,emphasizing the agreement between therapist and patient as to the goals and tasks of treatment,and the affective bond established in the therapeutic dyad.Related research show that the characteristics of therapist and patient,and the interaction in this therapeutic dyad are the related factors on the formation and development of therapeutic alliance,which constitutes a major clinical variable in explaining and predicting the course and outcome of treatments.Future researches should further clarify the related factors of therapeutic alliance,expand the clinical applications of therapeutic alliance and strengthen the exploration of indigenization.

El saber clínico como saber antropológico: reflexiones en torno al pacto de cuidado / Clinical knowledge as anthropological knowledge: Reflections on the care pact

Un malestar atraviesa a la Psiquiatría actual que buscando vincularse y hasta identificarse con la Neurología, no puede sin embargo dejar de lado la subjetividad de los pacientes. Más aún, la Clínica psiquiátrica como un saber-hacer, ha de situarse también entre una dimensión política y una dimensión ética. Es decir, ha de apoyarse en la justicia y la política en la medida que recibe demandas sociales, articulando la atención a personas vulnerables con instituciones justas (Ricoeur), pero además ha de incluirlas en la sociedad a través de sus capacidades. En su dimensión ética, ha de buscar reformar las instituciones de atención para que sean protegidos los enfermos y respetados sus derechos. En este sentido, es preciso plantear el concepto de alianza terapéutica (Paul Ricoeur), alianza que sólo es posible si toma la forma de una promesa recíproca, tanto por parte del terapeu- ta como del paciente. Se trata de un pacto de cuidado incluso en situaciones donde las destrezas y habilidades son desproporcionadas. Sea lo que fuere, el saber clínico es de algún modo un saber antropológico, del hombre como sujeto de enfermedad, del homo patiens, pero también de quien quiere acompañarlo en su sufrir

A discomfort pervades current Psychiatry: striving to be linked and identified with Neurology, it cannot however ignore the subjectivity of patients. Moreover, the practice of Psychiatry as a Know-How, should also be subject to a political and ethical dimension. It must rely on justice and politics to the extent that it receives social demands, articulating the attention to vulnerable people with fair institutions (Ricoeur), but also it has to include them in society through their abilities. In this ethical dimension, it should seek to reform assistance institutions so that patients are protected and their rights respected. In this sense, it is necessary to consider the concept of therapeutic alliance (Paul Ricoeur), alliance that is only possible if it takes the form of a mutual promise, from both the therapist and the patient. It is a pact of care, even in situations where the skills and abilities are disproportionate. Clinical knowledge is somehow an anthropological knowledge about man as subject of disease, as homo patiens, but also about he who wants to accompany him in his suffering

Diferencias socioculturales en la terapia de pareja: la perspectiva de terapeutas y parejas consultantes / Sociocultural differences within couple's therapy: the perspective of therapists and consultant couples / Diferenças socioculturais em terapia de casal: a perspectiva de terapeutas e casais

El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo describir cómo participan, en el proceso terapéutico de parejas, las diferencias socioculturales entre terapeutas y parejas consultantes de niveles socioeconómicos (NSE) distintos. Se empleó una metodología cualitativa con un diseño analítico-relacional. La muestra consistió en nueve terapeutas de NSE alto y medio-alto y cinco parejas de NSE bajo y medio-bajo de Santiago de Chile. Se realizaron entrevistas semi-estructuradas y los datos fueron analizados mediante las tres etapas de la técnica Teoría Fundamentada. Los resultados apuntan a que, a pesar de que las diferencias socioeconómicas y socioculturales no se perciben como perjudiciales para el tratamiento cuando se mantiene un vínculo cercano, éstas sí pueden influir las vivencias y tipo de intervenciones de los terapeutas, la alianza terapéutica y simetría de la relación, la evaluación que las parejas hacen sobre el profesional y la terapia, así como la posibilidad de abandono. Aquello depende, en su mayoría, del manejo y características del terapeuta. Los hallazgos adquieren relevancia para la formación y la práctica de terapeutas de pareja, así como de otras modalidades.

The aim of the present study was to describe how sociocultural differences between therapists and consultant couples of different socioeconomic levels (SEL) participate in the couple's therapeutic process. A qualitative methodology with a relational-analytic design was used. The sample consisted of nine therapists of high and middle-high SEL and five couples of low and middle-low SEL of Santiago de Chile. Semi-structured interviews were carried out and data were analyzed by the three stages of the Grounded Theory technique. Results indicate that despite the socioeconomic and sociocultural differences are not perceived as damaging for the treatment when a close bond is held, they can influence the therapists' experiences and interventions, the therapeutic alliance and symmetry of the relationship, the couples' evaluation of the therapist and the possibility of attrition. This mostly depends on the guidance and characteristics of the therapist. The findings become relevant for the training and practice of couple's therapists, as well as other modalities.

Este estudo teve como objetivo descrever como afetam o processo de terapia de casal, as diferenças socioculturais entre terapeutas e casais de nível socioeconômico (NSE) diferente. Foi utilizada uma metodologia qualitativa com um desenho analítico-relacional. A amostra foi composta por nove terapeutas de NSE alto e médio-alto e cinco casais de NSE baixo e médio-baixo de Santiago de Chile. Foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas e os dados foram analisados utilizando os três estágios da Grounded Theory. Os resultados sugerem que, apesar de as diferenças socioeconômicas e socioculturais não serem percebidas como prejudiciais para o tratamento quando uma ligação estreita seja mantida, elas podem influenciar o tipo de experiências e intervenções de terapeutas, a aliança terapêutica e a simetria da relação, a avaliação que os casais fazem do profissional e da terapia, bem como favorecer o abandono. Isso depende principalmente das características e da gestão do terapeuta. Os resultados tornam-se relevantes para a formação e prática de terapeutas de casais e outras modalidades.